Unit Group
4162 Economists and economic policy researchers and analysts
Economists and economic policy researchers and analysts conduct research, monitor data, analyze information and prepare reports and plans to resolve economic and business problems and develop models to analyze, explain and forecast economic behaviour and patterns. They advise on matters such as finance, fiscal and monetary policy, international trade, agricultural and natural resource commodities and labour and industrial markets. They are employed by government departments and agencies and throughout the private sector in associations, unions, research organizations, banks and investment firms.
Example Titles
agricultural economist
economic advisor
economic analyst
economic policy analyst
economist
economist, natural resources
energy economist
financial economist
industrial economist
international trade economist
investment economist
labour economist
tax economist
trade economist
View all titles
Main duties
Economists and economic policy researchers and analysts perform some or all of the following duties:
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Conduct research and develop models to analyze, explain and forecast economic behaviour and patterns, and devise methods for collection and analysis of data
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Forecast production and consumption of specific products and services based on records of past production and consumption and general economic and industry-specific conditions
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Prepare forecasts of income and expenditure, interest rates and exchange rates
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Analyze factors which determine economic growth and advise government agencies on policies to increase economic activities
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Analyze factors which determine labour force participation, employment, wages, unemployment and other labour market outcomes
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Study mathematical formulae and statistical techniques and apply them to the testing and quantifying of economic theories and the solution of economic problems
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Study the nature of money, credit and the operation of banks and other financial institutions to develop monetary policies and forecasts of financial activity
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Monitor economic data to assess the effectiveness, and advise on the appropriateness, of monetary and fiscal policies
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Examine problems related to the economic activity of individual companies
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Examine financial methods, production costs and techniques and marketing policies to recommend possible improvements
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Examine statistical data on the exchange of goods and services among nations
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Forecast production and consumption of renewable resources and supply, consumption and depletion of non-renewable resources
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Conduct research on market conditions in local, regional or national area to set sales and pricing levels for goods and services, to assess market potential and future trends and to develop business strategies
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Monitor regional and local economic trends
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Study regulatory processes and provide material in support of legal proceedings with government and other parties.
Employment requirements
Additional information
- Progression to managerial positions in economics is possible with experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Business development officers and marketing researchers and consultants (4163)
-
Economists who teach at universities (in 4011 University professors and lecturers )
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Financial and investment analysts (1112)
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Government managers – economic analysis, policy development and program administration (0412)
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Labour policy analysts (in 4164 Social policy researchers, consultants and program officers )
Unit Group
4163 Business development officers and marketing researchers and consultants
Business development officers and marketing researchers and consultants conduct research, formulate policies and manage programs to stimulate industrial and commercial business investment or tourism in urban and rural areas, or to promote commercial or industrial products and services. They are employed by government departments, international organizations, marketing firms and business associations or may be self-employed.
Example Titles
business development officer
community economic development consultant
economic development officer
industrial development officer
market researcher
marketing analyst
marketing consultant – market research
regional development analyst
tourism development officer
tourism industry consultant
View all titles
Main duties
Business development officers and marketing researchers and consultants perform some or all of the following duties:
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Develop policies and administer programs to promote industrial and commercial business investment in urban and rural areas
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Design market research questionnaires
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Conduct social or economic surveys on local, regional or national areas to assess development potential and future trends
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Plan development projects and co-ordinate activities with representatives of a wide variety of industrial and commercial enterprises, community and business associations and government agencies
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Assess business opportunities and develop strategies to attract venture capital
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Respond to enquiries from members of the business community and general public concerning development opportunities
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Review and evaluate commercial or industrial development proposals and provide advice on procedures and requirements for government approval
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Conduct surveys and analyze data on the buying habits and preferences of wholesale or retail consumers
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Evaluate customer service and store environments
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Conduct comparative research on marketing strategies for industrial and commercial products
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Develop social and economic profiles of urban and rural areas to encourage industrial and commercial investment and development.
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Prepare reports, research papers, educational texts or articles
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Plan and develop E-commerce strategies
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Provide consultation on planning and starting of new businesses.
Employment requirements
-
A bachelor’s degree in economics, commerce, business administration or public administration is required.
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Certification as a certified economic developer (Ec.D.) may be required.
Additional information
- Progression to managerial positions is possible with experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Economic development managers (in 0412 Government managers – economic analysis, policy development and program administration )
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Economists and economic policy researchers and analysts (4162)
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Financial and investment analysts (1112)
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International development or aid officers (in 4164 Social policy researchers, consultants and program officers )
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Marketing managers (in 0124 Advertising, marketing and public relations managers )
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Other financial officers (1114)
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Urban and land use planners (2153)
Unit Group
4155 Probation and parole officers and related occupations
Probation officers monitor the conduct and behaviour of criminal offenders serving probation terms. Parole officers monitor the reintegration of criminal offenders serving the remainder of sentences while conditionally released into the community on parole. Classification officers assess inmates and develop rehabilitation programs for criminal offenders who are incarcerated in correctional facilities. They are employed by federal and provincial governments and work in the community and in correctional facilities.
Example Titles
case manager – corrections
classification officer, correctional institution
parole officer
probation officer
youth worker – corrections
View all titles
Main duties
Probation and parole officers perform some or all of the following duties:
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Interview offenders, police, family, friends, school authorities and employers to prepare pre-sentence reports and assess offenders’ prospects for successful reintegration into the community
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Plan rehabilitation programs with offenders, establishing rules of conduct, goals and objectives
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Refer offenders to community and social service programs, as required
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Supervise the terms of a probation order and attend court
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Interview probationers and parolees regularly to evaluate their progress in accomplishing goals and maintaining the terms specified in their probation contracts and rehabilitation plans
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Recommend remedial action or initiate court action when terms of probation or parole are violated
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May perform administrative duties and supervise support staff
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May participate in policy development.
Classification officers, correctional institutions, perform some or all of the following duties:
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Interview inmates to assess adjustment problems and develop suitable rehabilitation programs
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Prepare classification reports recommending type of incarceration and types of interventions considered most beneficial for the rehabilitation of the inmates
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Plan rehabilitation programs with offenders, identifying needs and setting out goals and objectives
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Liaise with the inmates’ families and contacts in the community to maintain established bonds outside of the institution
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Advise and counsel inmates regarding their problems and evaluate their progress.
Employment requirements
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A bachelor’s degree in social work, criminology, psychology, sociology or other related social science discipline is required.
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A master’s degree in social work, criminology, psychology or other related social science discipline may be required.
Additional information
- Progression to correctional service management positions is possible with additional training or experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Correctional service officers (4422)
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Correctional services managers (in 0423 Managers in social, community and correctional services )
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Social and community service workers (4212)
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Social workers (4152)
Unit Group
4161 Natural and applied science policy researchers, consultants and program officers
Natural and applied science policy researchers, consultants and program officers conduct research, prepare reports, provide consultation and advice and administer programs in a variety of areas related to the natural and applied sciences. They are employed by federal, provincial and municipal governments, computer and office furniture manufacturers, educational institutions, research organizations, consulting firms, environmental and conservation organizations, or they may be self-employed.
Example Titles
certified ergonomist
emergency management analyst
emergency preparedness planner
energy policy analyst
environmental impact analyst
environmental issues lobbyist
ergonomics specialist
fisheries analyst
industrial hygienist
natural resources policy analyst
occupational hygienist
patent agent
program officer, natural and applied sciences
recycling program co-ordinator
scientific consultant
supervisor, environmental program development
technology transfer officer
transportation safety analyst
View all titles
Main duties
The following is a summary of main duties for some occupations in this unit group:
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Ergonomists or human factors specialists conduct research and advise on, and intervene in the physical, social and psychological interrelationships between persons, their equipment and working or living environments to ensure that the design, configuration and use of equipment, procedures and environmental conditions maximize safety, productivity and comfort.
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Occupational or industrial hygienists study, evaluate and control physical, chemical and biological hazards and stresses in the workplace. They report and document investigations and conclusions, suggest changes to work environments and processes and provide information to workers and managers or employers on methods to reduce the risk of injury or illness from specific occupational hazards. They may also teach safe work procedures, participate in emergency response planning, testify at hearings and report findings at scientific conferences or in scientific journals.
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Patent agents advise clients on elements of patent law and on the patentability of inventions, conduct patent searches, prepare patent applications and represent clients before the patent office.
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Technology transfer officers are responsible for transferring and integrating new technologies, usually from university or government research and development environments, to commercial and industrial applications and ensure the protection of intellectual property of researchers and developers.
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Science policy and program officers conduct research and advise on policies or develop or administer programs related to transportation, emergency preparedness, communications, natural resources, agriculture, the environment, traditional and alternative energy technologies, land use, recycling and other scientific fields. They promote public awareness and education on such issues as utilization of natural resources, the environment, and reprocessing and reduction of waste.
Employment requirements
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A bachelor’s degree or college diploma in a related scientific or technical discipline is usually required for occupations in this unit group.
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A master’s degree in a related scientific discipline may be required.
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Certification through the Canadian College of Certified Professional Ergonomists is required to use the title "Canadian Certified Professional Ergonomist (CCPE)". Membership with the Association of Canadian Ergonomists may be required.
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Occupational hygienists may require certification by the Canadian Registration Board of Occupational Hygienists or le Conseil d’accreditation en hygiene industrielle du Quebec.
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Patent agents require 12 months of work experience in the patent field and successful completion of examinations set by the Commissioner of Patents. They may also be required to be listed in the register of patent agents.
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Occupations in this group that are involved in green building design and technologies development may require the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification offered by the Canadian Green Building Council.
Additional information
- Progression to supervisory or managerial positions in these fields is possible with experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Architecture and science managers (0212)
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Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers (4165)
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Life science professionals (212)
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Other engineers (214)
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Patent lawyers (in 4112 Lawyers and Quebec notaries )
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Physical science professionals (211)
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Professional occupations in engineering (in 213 Civil, mechanical, electrical and chemical engineers )
Unit Group
4165 Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers
Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers conduct research, produce reports and administer health care policies and programs. They are employed by government departments and agencies, consulting establishments, universities, research institutes, hospitals, community agencies, educational institutions, professional associations, non-governmental organizations and international organizations.
Example Titles
consultant, drug and alcohol abuse
consultant, health care
consultant, mental health programs
health care planner
health promotion program officer
health services researcher
planning officer, child health care programs
policy development officer, nursing homes
research analyst, health policy
View all titles
Main duties
Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers perform some or all of the following duties:
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Assist in developing government health policy by reviewing relevant literature, conducting interviews, collecting and analysing statistical data, and providing advice to senior managers and officials on issues such as health promotion, regulation, standards and financing
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Design and implement health projects or programs
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Maintain, update and manage health information databases
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Compile and analyse statistical information provided by private and public health care institutions and organizations and produce reports
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Monitor and evaluate health care programs operated by government departments and agencies or private organizations
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Assess compliance with health standards and identify remedial action if necessary
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Conduct evaluations and assessments of health projects and programs
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Provide consulting services to clients in private establishments or government departments or agencies
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Respond to internal and external program and policy information requests
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Produce newsletters, magazines and other documents to provide information to association or organization members or the general public
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Present the views of an association or organization to politicians, government officials, the media or the general public.
Health policy researchers, consultants and program officers may specialize in a particular area of health policy development, research or program administration such as addiction research.
Employment requirements
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A bachelor’s degree or college diploma in health science, public administration, recreation administration or hospital administration, or a bachelor’s degree in social science, is required.
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A graduate degree in health, social science or an administrative discipline may be required.
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Several years of experience in the health field as a health care professional or as a community or social service worker are usually required.
Additional information
- Progression to managerial positions is possible with experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Education policy researchers, consultants and program officers (4166)
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Government managers – health and social policy development and program administration (0411)
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Managers in health care (0311)
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Social and community service workers (4212)
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Social policy researchers, consultants and program officers (4164)
Unit Group
4216 Other instructors
Instructors in this unit group teach courses, such as motor vehicle or motorcycle driving, sailing and navigation, sewing or other courses, which are outside of educational institutions and not primarily job-related. They are employed by driving schools, fabric retailers and other commercial establishments or they may be self-employed. This unit group also includes modelling and finishing school instructors, driver’s licence examiners, who are employed by provincial governments and tutors who provide instruction in elementary or secondary school subjects.
Example Titles
driver’s licence examiner
driving instructor
instructor, modelling and finishing school
motorcycle driving instructor
sewing instructor – non-vocational
View all titles
Main duties
The following is a summary of main duties for some occupations in this unit group:
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Driving instructors instruct individuals on proper motor vehicle driving skills and traffic regulations, demonstrate and explain the handling and mechanical operation of motor vehicles and supervise individuals during practice driving.
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Driver’s licence examiners conduct road test examinations and evaluate the driving ability of applicants for driver’s licences.
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Sewing instructors give instruction to students in techniques and skills of sewing, tailoring and dressmaking.
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Modelling and finishing school instructors give instruction on comportment, personal development, make-up application and modelling techniques for fashion shows and magazine advertising.
Employment requirements
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Expertise in the field of instruction must be demonstrated.
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Driving instructors must obtain special licensing as a driving instructor in the province of employment.
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Certification by the Canadian Yachting Association may be required for sailing and navigation instructors.
Classified elsewhere
-
College and other vocational instructors (4021)
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Elementary school and kindergarten teachers (4032)
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Secondary school teachers (4031)
Unit Group
4312 Firefighters
Firefighters carry out firefighting and fire prevention activities, and assist in other emergencies. They are employed by municipal, provincial and federal governments and by large industrial establishments that have internal firefighting services.
Example Titles
airport firefighter
fire captain
firefighter
firefighter, shipboard
industrial firefighter
lieutenant, firefighters
View all titles
Main duties
Firefighters perform some or all of the following duties:
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Respond to fire alarms and other calls for assistance, such as automobile and industrial accidents, bomb threats and other emergencies
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Rescue victims from burning buildings and accident sites
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Control and extinguish fires using manual and power equipment, such as axes, water hoses, aerial ladders and hydraulic equipment and various firefighting chemicals
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Administer first aid and other assistance
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Ensure proper operation and maintenance of firefighting equipment
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Prepare written reports on fire incidents
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Inform and educate the public on fire prevention
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Train to maintain high level of physical fitness
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Assist the public, the police and emergency organizations during times of major disasters
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May participate as members of a trauma or emergency response team and provide paramedical aid to accident victims or ill persons
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May supervise and co-ordinate the work of other firefighters
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May conduct building inspections to ensure compliance with fire code.
Employment requirements
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Completion of secondary school is usually required.
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Completion of a college program in fire protection technology, fire science or a related field may be required.
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Firefighting and emergency medical care training courses are provided and vary in length depending on the requirements of different fire departments or services.
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An apprenticeship training program for firefighters and voluntary trade certification is available in New Brunswick.
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Experience as a volunteer firefighter may be an advantage.
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Physical agility, strength, fitness and vision requirements must be met.
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Several years of experience are required for senior firefighters, such as lieutenants and captains.
Additional information
- Progression to senior positions such as fire chief is possible with additional training and several years of experience.
Classified elsewhere
-
Fire chiefs and senior firefighting officers (0432)
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Forest firefighters (in 8422 Silviculture and forestry workers )
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Paramedics (in 3234 Paramedical occupations )
Unit Group
5121 Authors and writers
Authors and writers plan, research and write books, scripts, storyboards, plays, essays, speeches, manuals, specifications and other non-journalistic articles for publication or presentation. They are employed by advertising agencies, governments, large corporations, private consulting firms, publishing firms, multimedia/new-media companies and other establishments, or they may be self-employed.
Example Titles
advertising copywriter
copywriter
essayist
interactive media writer
literary writer
medical writer
novelist
playwright
poet
scientific writer
script writer
specifications writer
speech writer
technical writer
writer
View all titles
Main duties
The following is a summary of the main duties of some occupations in this unit group:
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Novelists, playwrights, script writers, poets and other creative writers
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Conceive and write novels, plays, scripts, poetry and other material for publication or presentation
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May conduct research to establish factual content and to obtain other necessary information.
Technical writers
- Analyze material, such as specifications, notes and drawings and write manuals, user guides and other documents to explain clearly and concisely the installation, operation and maintenance of software and electronic, mechanical and other equipment.
Copywriters
- Study and determine selling features of products and services and write text for advertisements and commercials.
Authors and writers may specialize in a particular subject or type of writing.
Employment requirements
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Technical writers usually require a university degree in the area of specialization, such as computer science or engineering.
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Copywriters usually require a university degree or college diploma in French, English, marketing, advertising or another discipline.
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Creative writing programs are offered by universities and colleges.
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Talent and ability, as demonstrated by a portfolio of work, are important hiring criteria.
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Membership in a guild or union related to the occupation may be required.
Classified elsewhere
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Editors (5122)
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Journalists (5123)
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Professional occupations in advertising, marketing and public relations (1123)
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Song writers (in 5132 Conductors, composers and arrangers )
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Translators, terminologists and interpreters (5125)
Unit Group
5123 Journalists
Journalists research, investigate, interpret and communicate news and public affairs through newspapers, television, radio and other media. Journalists are employed by radio and television networks and stations, newspapers and magazines. Journalists may also work on a freelance basis.
Example Titles
book reviewer
broadcast journalist
columnist
correspondent
cyberjournalist
investigative reporter
journalist
network reporter
news commentator
newspaper critic
reporter
View all titles
Main duties
Journalists perform some or all of the following duties:
-
Collect local, national and international news through interviews, investigation and observation
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Write news stories for publication and broadcast
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Receive, analyze and verify news and other copy for accuracy
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Arrange for and conduct interviews as part of research and for radio and television programs
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Research and report on developments in specialized fields such as medicine, science and technology
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Prepare regular feature columns and stories on specialized topics
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Write editorials and commentaries on topics of current interest to stimulate public interest and express the views of a publication or broadcasting station
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Write critical reviews of literary, musical and other artistic works based on knowledge, judgement and experience.
Journalists may specialize in print, broadcast or Webcast media, in particular issues such as political affairs or entertainment news, or in a particular geographic area.
Employment requirements
- A university degree or college diploma in journalism or a related field such as communications is usually required.
Additional information
- Experienced reporters may advance to editorial positions (print media) or become producers (broadcast media).
Classified elsewhere
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Announcers and other broadcasters (5231)
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Authors and writers (5121)
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Editors (5122)
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Photojournalists (in 5221 Photographers )
Unit Group
5221 Photographers
Photographers operate still cameras to photograph people, events, scenes, materials, products and other subjects. Photographers are employed by photographic studios, newspapers, magazines, museums and government, or they may be self-employed.
Example Titles
aerial photographer
commercial photographer
forensic photographer
industrial photographer
photographer
photojournalist
portrait photographer
scientific photographer
View all titles
Main duties
Photographers perform some or all of the following duties:
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Study requirements of a particular assignment and decide on type of camera, film, lighting and background accessories to be used
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Determine picture composition, make technical adjustments to equipment and photograph subject
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May operate scanners to transfer photographic images to computers
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May operate computers to manipulate photographic images
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May adapt existing photographic images and create new digitized images to be included in multimedia/newmedia products
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May use delicate instruments, such as optical microscopes attached to cameras
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May process exposed film
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May use airbrush, computer or other techniques to retouch negatives
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Medical photographers may work closely with medical illustrators.
Photographers may specialize in areas such as portrait photography, commercial photography, scientific photography, forensic photography, medical photography, digitized photography, multimedia photography or photojournalism.
Employment requirements
-
A bachelor’s degree in visual arts with specialization in photography
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or
-
Completion of specialized training in photography in high school, college or specialized training schools
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or
-
Extensive on-the-job training under the supervision of a photographer is required.
-
Experience in, or knowledge of computerized photography or digital imaging may be required.
-
Creative and technical ability, as demonstrated by a portfolio of work, are required.
Classified elsewhere
- Film and video camera operators (5222)
